Essential guide to PPE by trade
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Guide written on 6 February 2024 by:
Pauline, Self-taught DIYer, Leeds
Important features
- Head protection
- Eye protection
- Hearing protection
- Respiratory protection
- Protective clothing
- Fall protection
- Protective gloves
- Safety shoes
Head protection
Protecting the head from impacts and falls
Head protection is all about choosing the right hard hat. An industrial safety helmet must meet the requirements governed by standard BS EN 397/A1. It's up to the worker to choose the model that best suits their needs. For example, you may need a hard hat with a visor, hood or a built-in face shield. If worn to protect the wearer from fall risks, the hard hat must feature a chinstrap which must be fastened at all times.
A full welding helmet that covers the whole face is required for any trade that involves welding. These masks may be provided with replaceable lenses, a washable lining and a headband (BS EN 379 and EN 175).
Please note that bump caps will only protect the wearer from minor bumps.
Hard hats
Eye protection
Protecting the eyes from flying objects and particles
So, how do you go about choosing the right safety glasses? No matter the trade, each worker should be provided with one or several types of eye protection meaning safety glasses or over-the-glasses safety glasses. Safety goggles provide 360-degree protection from chemicals, fumes and dust.
For any task involving welding, a welding helmet with an auto darkening lens must be worn.
Eye protection | |||
Protection | Type | Standard | Special features |
All trades | Protective safety goggles or over-the-glasses safety glasses | BS EN 166 | Protection against flying objects UV protection (for outdoor work) Dust protection |
Face shield | BS EN 166 | Foam padding for maximum comfort | |
Welding | Welding helmet | BS EN 175 (+ EN 169, EN 166 or EN 379) | Protection from electric arc flash and burns |
Hearing protection
Protecting your hearing in loud environments
Choosing the right hearing protection can help to prevent acoustic trauma and ensure the wearer can handle working in noisy environments. Ear protection aims to reduce noise levels for the user to under 80 dB. Hearing protection must be provided when noise levels exceed 85 dB, according to HSE guidelines.
All PPE should include hearing protection to prevent acoustic trauma and ensure acceptable conditions are met on site or in workshops whenever machines or ongoing work produce excessive noise levels. It's important to use the right type of protection for each worker. There's no point in giving noise cancelling ear defenders to someone who isn't exposed to a very loud environment. In fact this would be counter productive as they would have to remove the ear protection to speak on site. Ear defenders that lower the noise level by 13 to 15 dB will suffice for workers exposed to low noise levels.
Hearing protection comes in three main forms.
PPE hearing protection | |||
Protection | Type | Standard | Special features |
Electrician's PPE (using a drill: 100 dB) Builder's PPE (busy street: 70 dB before machine noise) Reduce noise up to 28 dB to allow communication Reduce noise up to 33 dB for protection in very noisy environments Minimum noise reduction: approx. 10 dB; maximum noise reduction: 36 dB | Ear plugs (disposable or reusable) | BS EN 352-2 | Protection from acoustic trauma and ambient noise Polyurethane ear plugs (disposable) or thermo plastic or resin ear plugs with different filters (more effective than basic ear defenders with up to 33 dB noise attenuation) Please note: disposable ear plugs are the costliest and the most uncomfortable long-term solution for a comparatively low level of protection |
Gardener's PPE (lawnmower: 85-95 dB). Tiler's PPE (concrete mixer: 65-70 dB). 20 to 32 dB noise attenuation Noise exposure limit: 110 dB | Basic ear defenders | BS EN 352-1 | Stays in place when moving around and easy to put on with gloves on Beware: this type of product generally leaves residual noise levels of about 84 dB and should only be used occasionally for short periods of time. |
Woodworking PPE (chainsaw: 115 dB) Using sharpening machines (85: dB) and circular saws (100 dB) Welder's PPE (oxy-acetylene torch: ≥ 85 dB) Builder's PPE (jackhammer: 120 dB) Carpenter's PPE (hammer blows: 120 dB) Maximum attenuation around 37 dB | Level-dependent or active ear defenders | BS EN 352-4 and EN 352-5 | Blocks loud ambient noise but allows lower level sounds for maximum auditory comfort Some ear defenders are noise cancelling High performance for low frequencies Ear defenders with non-linear filters are not suitable for construction work as they will only lower noise levels that exceed 110 dB by 15 dB |
Please note: for exposure to noise levels of over 105 dB, it is recommended to wear double hearing protection (ear plugs and ear defenders) for an extra 10 dB of protection or when the noise level is over 95 dB for over 8 hours at a time.
Noise cancelling ear protection can protect up to 110 dB. These specialist ear plugs, headband ear plugs, standard ear plugs and ear defenders must offer a minimum noise attenuation rate of 28 dB.
For exposure to noise levels of over 120 dB, you must reduce the length of exposure and/or reduce the noise at the source as this is the point from which sounds become painful.
Respiratory protection
Preventing irritation and inhalation of dust and chemicals
How should you go about protecting your respiratory system? Specialist respiratory protection can be worn to protect the user against contact with dust, highly irritating substances (silica) and potentially dangerous adhesive or solvent fumes
Employers are obligated to provide the right type of PPE to match the working conditions. See HSE guidelines for more details. Whenever work in a workshop or on a construction site involves a lot of dust or requires contact with dangerous volatile substances, air filtering systems should be used in addition to PPE.
The type of respiratory protection required depends on several criteria:
how ventilated the workspace is;
knowledge of the product or substance (solid, gas or liquid);
detectability of the product (odour/odourless) ;
how confined the workspace is.
Respiratory protection (nose and mouth) | |||
Context | Type | Standard | Special features |
Examples of applications: woodworker's PPE (sanding wood); painter's PPE (prepping walls and painting); PPE for insulation fitting (sites with asbestos, etc.) Working conditions: Removal of dust or solid matter; Paint and solvent application. Open, ventilated spaces with oxygen rate of over 17%. Dust, known hazards with odours | P3 disposable half mask to throw away after each use | BS EN 149: 2001 +A1: 2009 | Disposable valveless masks prevent particles, product and odours from reaching the respiratory system Disposable valved masks can be used in addition to suitable PPE for tasks like welding, woodworking and building work. They can be used to protect from exposure to cellulose, vegetable oils, metal fumes or low toxicity aerosols. These masks provide superior protection. The valve prevents condensation build-up in the mask, stopping glasses from fogging up and facilitating breathing. |
Examples of applications: Tiler's PPE (using adhesive with high VOC content), builder's PPE (applying wood treatments), gardener's PPE (using weed killers), stoneworker's PPE (cutting stone and exposure to harmful dust like silica). Working conditions: Dust exposure (plaster, sawdust, etc.) Paint and solvent application Open, ventilated spaces with oxygen rate of over 17%. Known products (gas or fumes) with odour. | Reusable half mask | BS EN 405 or 140 | Specially designed anti-dust or anti-aerosol cartridges. |
Examples of applications: gardener's PPE (trimming thorny hedges), tiler's PPE (sanding walls), stoneworker's PPE (handling materials, crushing stone), painter's PPE (using a paint gun). Conditions: Dust exposure or paint and solvent application. Odourless chemicals or work in a ventilated and open workspace. | Full mask (from eyes to chin) | EN 140 | Protection with cartridges for more comfort (no condensation) and to facilitate breathing. Entire face protection to prevent fumes or dust coming into contact with the skin of the face. |
Examples of applications: painter's PPE (dealing with solvents), stoneworker's PPE (silica dust), plasterer's PPE and insulation trades (fitting or manufacturing hazardous insulation, or significant dust exposure through working with plaster). Working conditions: Heavy dust (cellulose, silica) Toxic chemicals Odourless chemicals or chemicals with odours Confined spaces with low oxygen rate (under 17%) | Filtered masks or powered respirators | AS/NZS 1716 : 2012, PAPR-P3 (AU/NZ : P2 with half mask) TM3, CE Mark EN 12942 : 1998 +A2 : 2008 TM3 | P3 filter For unidentified hazards, a powered respirator must be used |
Dust masks
Protective clothing
Wearing the right clothes for working conditions
How do you go about choosing the right workwear? Generally speaking, protective clothing will be manufactured in line with standard ISO 13688 which ensures workwear provides full coverage but remains breathable. Breathable workwear is the best option to allow workers to stay productive in all weather conditions.
There are two standards for workwear:
Protection against the cold BS EN 342
Protection against rain BS EN 343
For workers who have to deal with fire risks (such as welders, for example), flame retardant clothing and a flame retardant hood must be used in addition to other PPE.
Disposable overalls (EN 340) can be used to offer maximum protection to workers who are exposed to heavy dust such as plasterers, insulation fitters or tilers.
Boiler suits and coveralls
Fall protection
Protecting workers from fall risks
How do you go about choosing fall protection harnesses and accessories? When fall protection systems on site cannot guarantee worker safety, individual fall protection must be worn to prevent any accidents when working at height. This applies to all trades that involve working at height from roofers to glazers or even painters.
PPE that is completed with fall protection equipment includes:
a full harness (BS EN 361) that covers the torso and hips with wide straps;
lanyard or ropes fitted with a EN 355 shock absorber or retractable type fall arrester (EN 360) to prevent falls after slipping or losing your footing;
anchor points (EN 795);
BS EN 362 connectors to move around safely.
Carabiners and connectors
Protective gloves
Protecting hands from chemicals and injury
How should you go about choosing the right protective gloves? No matter the trade, gloves will always be required on a job site. There are two main types of protective gloves:
Gloves designed to protect the user from mechanical risks (BS EN 388): protection against cuts and impacts while handling materials and tools.
Nitrile or neoprene gloves to protect against chemicals (EN 374-1): sealed gloves to protect against burns and skin reactions.
Each trade will need specific PPE. Trades involving welding require specific welding gloves, electrical insulated gloves (EN 60903) are required for any work with electricity and cut-resistant gloves should be worn by glazers.
Protective gloves
Safety shoes
Preventing punctures and impacts to the feet
Safety shoes, like all other forms of PPE, should be chosen to match the working conditions the wearer is exposed to. All workers should wear safety shoes with the right type of protection for the risks on site:
standard EN ISO 20345;
low or high;
S ratings (toe cap);
P ratings (puncture protection);
slip resistance;
and so on.
Safety shoes may feature additional standards depending on the working environment such as superior grip or protection against moisture or cold conditions.
Standards for safety shoes | |
S1 | Dry environments, risk of impacts, presence of fuel and oil |
S1P | Dry environments, risk of impacts and punctures, presence of fuel and oil |
S2 | Wet environments, risk of impacts, presence of fuel and oil |
S3 | Wet environments, risk of impacts and punctures, presence of fuel and oil |
Safety shoes
PPE by trade: a summary of standards
Here is a table summarising the main PPE standards related to each trade for all you need to know at a glance. Please note, it's up to each professional to adapt their protective kit to match the task at hand. This table is non-exhaustive.
Trade | Head protection | Eye protection | Hearing protection | Respiratory protection | Protective clothing | Fall protection | Protective gloves | Safety shoes |
Roofer | BS EN 397/A1 approved industrial safety helmet with a lifespan of up to 5 years (see product specs); face protection if risk of exposure to known dangerous chemicals; helmet with chin strap | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) BS EN 374-1 nitrile or neoprene waterproof protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings |
Builder | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; EN 342 cold protection; EN 340 protective clothing; trousers with knee pads | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; flexible sole | |
Plumber | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet | BS EN 175 auto darkening welding helmet BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 12477 welding gloves BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings | |
Plasterer and insulation installer | EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (lifespan up to 5 years; see product specs) EN 812/A1 bump cap (protects against minor impacts only) | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs (ideal for covering machine noise) | P2 disposable or reusable mask designed for protection against plaster and insulating materials (with the exception of cellulose) TH2P or TM2P respirators for use with cellulose | BS EN 343 rain protection; EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with (removable) knee pads; BS EN 340 disposable coveralls | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 waterproof protective gloves (chemical protection) Category 0 to 3 electrically insulating gloves conforming to standard EN 60 903 | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; low or high |
Joiner | EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (lifespan 3 to 5 years depending on model) | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) Half masks designed for contact adhesive and EN 14387/A1 filtered masks Half masks or EN 14387/A1 class 2 masks with filter for wood treatments EN 136 class 2 masks for varnish and sealants with A 2 P3 or A 2 B2 P3 filter | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with (removable) knee pads; BS EN 340 disposable coveralls | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 waterproof protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; low or high |
Tiler | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings | |
Stoneworker | EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (lifespan up to 5 years) | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles Ultra impact resistant EN 170 lenses for UV protection | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable half mask (with interchangeable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads; EN 340 disposable coveralls | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 waterproof protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; low or high |
Electrician | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles EN 166B face protection | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | P3 disposable half mask EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 EN 405 or 140 reusable half mask (with interchangeable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | EN 60903 electrically insulating gloves BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; ASTM F 2412 : 2005 and EN ISO 50321 for electrical insulation |
Gardener | 397 / A1 hard hat or bump cap Arborist helmet with face shield BS EN 1731 | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles | Reusable or disposable BS EN 352-2 ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs for use with gardening equipment | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) Respirator or mask when applying weed killer | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads EN 381 protective clothing for use with handheld saws (leg and arm protectors) | EN 361 fall protection for tree cutting at height BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) BS EN 374-1 gloves for chemical protection; EN 388 (3.1.3.1) gloves for cut protection | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; S and P ratings; S3 for extra slip resistance |
Welder | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (on site not welding) | EN 175 auto darkening welding helmet (lifespan 2 to 4 years) BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles (on site not welding) | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads; EN 470-1 flame retardant welding workwear (hood, arm protectors, apron, jacket, leg protectors) | BS EN 12477 welding gloves BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC (slip resistance on ceramic and steel); S and P ratings; EN ISO 20345 2011 S3 HI CI SRC welding footwear | |
Carpenter | EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (lifespan 3 to 5 years) | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles; UV protection | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC (slip resistance on ceramic tile and steel); S and P rating; S3 (wet and dry environments) |
Glazer | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet | BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles; EN 170 additional UV protection | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves against mechanical risks; ISO 13997 high cut resistance EN 374-1 protective gloves (chemical protection) | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC (slip resistance on ceramic tile and steel); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings |
Metalworker | BS EN 397/A1 industrial safety helmet (on site not welding) | EN 175 auto darkening welding helmet (lifespan 2 to 4 years) BS EN 166 safety glasses, over-the-glasses safety glasses or safety goggles (on site not welding) | BS EN 352-2 reusable or disposable ear plugs BS EN 352-1 ear muffs Level-dependent ear muffs (BS EN 352-4) or active (EN 352-5) noise reduction ear muffs | EN 149 : 2001 +A1 : 2009 P3 disposable half mask EN 405 or 140 reusable mask (with suitable cartridges) when exposed to dangerous chemicals | BS EN 343 rain protection; BS EN 342 cold protection; ISO 13688 trousers with knee pads EN 470-1 flame retardant welding workwear (hood, arm protectors, apron, jacket, leg protectors) EN 340 for summer workwear | BS EN 361 full harness BS EN 355 lanyard for shock absorption or EN 360 retractable type fall arrester BS EN 795 anchor points BS EN 362 connectors / carabiners | BS EN 388 protective gloves (cut protection) EN 374-1 waterproof protective gloves (chemical protection) BS EN 12477 welding gloves | EN ISO 20345 safety shoes; SRC slip resistance (on ceramic and steel floors); S3 (dry and wet environments); S and P ratings; extra protection against hot liquids |
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Guide written by:
Pauline, Self-taught DIYer, Leeds
With a handyman-father, I grew up with the soft sound of the sander and hammer on weekends. I am both manual and cerebral, I learned the basics of DIY and the customisation of furniture because I was passionate. The salvage mentality is a true way of life that allowed me to know how to use all the tools and products needed to give something a second life, from a sander to varnish. I have two favourite activities: the transformation of old furniture and decoration tips. I am always ready to lend a helping hand to revamp a table or to restore a mirror that was intended for the tip that will become a friend’s centrepiece. I’m convinced that it’s possible to reinvent an interior by small, regular modifications and I constantly research low-cost ideas.
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